【楊華】中國一包養價格現代禮儀軌制的幾個特征

Keywords: Travel system; specialized politics; patriarchal society

“Zuoji·Ten Years of Dinggong” Kong Shu said: “China has the age of tribute, so it is called Xia; it has the beauty of qualifying seal, which is called Hua. Hua and Xia are the same.” The most basic feature of the Chinese and Xia civilization is the system of qualifying. Gift activities are composed of several elements, including the merchandiser, gifts, gifts, gifts, gifts, gift movements, time and venues for the gifts. From these elements, some characteristics of China’s modern gift system can be identified, and then the departmental characteristics of China’s modern civilization can be analyzed.

1. The level of “differences between fame and position, and gifts are also different”

The modern Chinese society has been in the ranks of ranks. In ancient times, there were dukes, marquis, bons, sons, and men among the ranks of ranks, and among the noble tribes, there were dukes, ministers, officials, and scholars. The social resource allocation, including palace rooms, flags, garments, and utensils, are all set according to the level of the so-called “fate”. For example, the emperor used nine tripods and eight gui, seven tripods and six gui, five tripods and four gui, and three tripods and two gui in the Yuanshi. The emperor enjoyed nine inches of Huan Gui, nine inches of scattered clothes, nine chapters of crowns, nine chapters of Jianchang, nine chapters of Fanqiu, nine chapters of Fanqiu, nine races of carriages, nine people, and nine prisons. The first-class Hou Bo is the “Seven Destiny”, and these tools are all set according to the number of seven. Others use this type to refer to the first-class “five lives” of the master and the “three lives” of the master. Common people have no “destiny”, no political rights, and no enjoymentRight to teach.

The gift-making level is of course the difference in gifts. Confucius said: “Only by name and instruments, we cannot be used as fakes.” Because “instrument hides gifts”[1], the gifts can be expressed through gifts. Generally speaking, the gift specifications are inversely proportional to the composition of the showman. However, not all gifts are based on many, large, high and cultural aspects. Sometimes, they are based on few, small, low and high quality. The overall principle is “just called”, just use the difference in gifts to show the ingredients level. According to the explanation of “Traditional Notes: Gifts”, the “many is expensive” gift system includes systems, prisons, seats, funeral periods and funeral instruments. The higher the level of the noble tribe, the more the number; there are also many gift systems with “less than less”, such as the number of people who “receive” when eating (“The emperor eats one meal, the marquis and the three masters, and the three masters have no food power”). The gifts that are “large as expensive” include palaces, utensils, coffins, and hills; the wine utensils for sacrifice during the sect worship are “small as expensive”. The higher the ingredients, the smaller the utensils used. The gift system of “highness is expensive” is like a main hall or a terrace; and the brackets of wine-filled vessels during the pre-Qin period were “lowness is expensive”. The costumes of the noble clan are “privileged with literature”; but there are also “privileged with quality”, which is said to be “very respectful and without literature, and the father is in a position tolerate it. The great wisdom is not good, the great soup is harmonious, and the road is simple and the seat is wide.”

In addition, the level of gifts is also reflected in the details of the gift activities. Ling Tingkan, a gift scholar in the Qing Dynasty, summed up more than 200 gifts for the ancient gift ceremony. The first is “Anyone who welcomes the host and the enemy is outside the gate; the master and the respectful master are inside the gate”[2]. When the two met each other, the nobles and nobles were different, and the methods of greeting were different, so there was no need to mention the differences between other gifts. It is like when living in a house, the lord usually focuses on grief and will not welcome and send guests. However, when the monarch of the country sends people to hang, swear, and swear, he will welcome and send them to the outside door. Zheng Xuan said, “Only the lord is ordered to come out, and he will come out next year to hang the lord, and he will not come out.” Not only this way, when others come to chant, chant, or benevolently “worship without rushing”, when the monarch lets people come to chant, chant, or benevolent, they must “worship and bend”. Sometimes the ceremony will be interrupted by the arrival of the monarch, such as “When the monarch is in great importance, the master will become a trance” [3]. Zheng Xuan has long pointed out that the difference in the “promotion” of the system of perseverance is “grasp, respect, and long” and “the difference between men and women” [4]. The convention system may change in details, but its overall principle is not very different. Even if the aliens invade, they will still be protected once they recognize the Chinese civilization. The “History” written by Xun and others in the Yuan Dynasty also repeatedly marked the “division of high and low is not easy” [5].

The level of gift issues has been described very richly and without any slight controversy. Many scholars once regarded it as a slaveThe ideology of level, which is regarded as the civilizational characteristics of China’s modern slave society, is used as the basic evidence of the periodization of ancient history [6]. In fact, the entire Chinese traditional society is in a tribute system, and its level of nature is constantly unreliable, so it is difficult to understand the characteristics of a certain period or a certain social form. In the 28th year of Emperor Shi Huang’s Eastern Tour, he carved stones in the evil spirits, and here he specifically emphasized that “the noble and low are worthy of the people, and no more than the next time” [7]. In the tenth year of Taishi in Xichen, after Empress Yang passed away, she was buried in the ancient junyangling. The court officials continued to argue about whether the emperor and his ministers could serve. Du You and others wrote a memorial saying: “From the top to the bottom, the noble and the low are worthy, and the things are suitable. Therefore, some people who give more money to the top, some people who pay less money to the top, some people who pay higher money to the top, and some people who pay higher money to the bottom, only the following ones are worthy. Otherwise, the roots and the ends are not followed, and they will not be done far away. Although the emperor and the ministers are the same, the place where they live is appropriate and the gifts are not the same.” [8] This shows the reality of the gift system. The Qing Dynasty was still like this. In the 13th year of the reign of the rule, the vassals of the foreign vassals “from the king, they paid sacrifices as before, only the sacrifices and items were sacrificed and killed according to their titles”[9]. The level of gift-making is considered only as a slave system, which is obviously biased.

After Confucianism was respected as the official form of Ch